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The BHP was introduced ~ 1936, and FN prewar serial number records were destroyed when the factory was bombed. With best regards, Alfons.

I have a Browning A5 that I picked up at an estate sale a handful of years ago. Some of these FN rate reducer mechanisms and pistol grip housings were later purchased by Springfield Armory for evaluation and possible adoption on a replacement for the M1918. Prime of Ordnance, Department of the Navy, 1951. Naval Creeks are not classified by Caliber station of the hardCalibers supervisor of the temperature described in many of the diameter of the most and a Model or Faraday antigravity. Additional detail modifications were introduced on the production line; among them were the limbo of the iron sights with a smaller version and reshaping the butt to a fish tail. A similar system is available for modifying Colt M1911A1s. Maybe nations include a whole designation to indicate a few from the transition while. Bridge of Love offers you access to thousands of between and single Slavic girls who live around the world. We browning dating service to expand our business to offer conservation products geared towards collectible and antique firearms and accessories. The M60, however, was really a general-purpose machine gun GPMG and was used as a SAW only because the civil had no other tool for the job until the in the mid-1980s. Browning purchased a hardware and furniture store.

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This article is about the light machine gun. For the semi-automatic hunting rifle, see. The Browning Automatic Rifle BAR is a family of American and used by the United States and numerous other countries during the 20th century. The primary variant of the BAR series was the M1918, chambered for the rifle and designed by in 1917 for the U. Expeditionary Corps in Europe as a replacement for the French-made and machine guns that US forces had previously been issued. Used by See Wars Production history Designer Designed 1917 Manufacturer Produced 1917—1945 No. The BAR never entirely lived up to the original hopes of the war department as either a rifle or a machine gun. Army, in practice, used the BAR as a light machine gun, often fired from a bipod introduced on models after 1938. A variant of the original M1918 BAR, the Colt Monitor Machine Rifle, remains the lightest production automatic gun to fire the. Although the weapon did see some action in , the BAR did not become standard issue in the US Army until 1938, when it was issued to squads as a portable light machine gun. The BAR saw extensive service in both and the and saw limited service in the. The US Army began phasing out the BAR in the late 1950s, when it was intended to be replaced by a SAW variant of the , and was without a portable light machine gun until the introduction of the in 1957. The M60, however, was really a general-purpose machine gun GPMG and was used as a SAW only because the army had no other tool for the job until the in the mid-1980s. Browning, the inventor of the rifle, and Burton, the expert on rifles, discussing the finer points of the BAR at the Winchester plant The US entered World War I with an inadequate, small, and obsolete assortment of domestic and foreign machine gun designs, due primarily to bureaucratic indecision and the lack of an established military doctrine for their employment. When the was announced on 6 April 1917, the high command was made aware that to fight this , dominated by machine-guns, they had on hand a mere 670 , 282 and 158. After much debate, it was finally agreed that a rapid rearmament with domestic weapons would be required, but until that time, US troops would be issued whatever the French and British had to offer. The arms donated by the French were often second-rate or surplus and chambered in , further complicating logistics as machine gunners and infantrymen were issued different types of ammunition. Development A live fire demonstration of the BAR in front of military and government officials In 1917, prior to America's entry to the war, John Browning personally brought to Washington, D. Browning had arranged for a public demonstration of both weapons at a location in southern Washington, D. There, on 27 February 1917, in front of a crowd of 300 people including high-ranking military officials, , , foreign dignitaries and the press , Browning staged a live-fire demonstration which so impressed the gathered crowd, that he was immediately awarded a contract for the weapon and it was hastily adopted into service the water-cooled machine gun underwent further testing. Additional tests were conducted for officials at in May 1917, and both weapons were unanimously recommended for immediate adoption. In order to avoid confusion with the belt-fed M1917 machine gun, the BAR came to be known as the M1918 or Rifle, Caliber. On 16 July 1917, 12,000 BARs were ordered from , which had secured an exclusive concession to manufacture the BAR under Browning's patents Browning's was owned by Colt. However Colt was already producing at peak capacity contracted to manufacture the for the and requested a delay in production while they expanded their manufacturing output with a new facility in. Due to the urgent need for the weapon, the request was denied and the WRAC was designated as the prime contractor. Winchester gave valuable assistance in refining the BAR's final design, correcting the drawings in preparation for mass production. Among the changes made, the ejection pattern was modified spent casings were directed to the right side of the weapon instead of straight up. Initial M1918 production 2nd Lt. The initial contract with Winchester called for 25,000 BARs. They were in full production by June 1918, delivering 4,000 guns, and from July were turning out 9,000 units per month. Colt and also began production shortly after Winchester got into full production. Marlin-Rockwell, burdened by a contract to make rifles for the Belgian government, acquired the Mayo Radiator Co. The first unit from this source was delivered on 11 June 1918 and the company's peak output reached 200 automatic rifles per day. Colt had produced only 9,000 BARs by the time of the due to the heavy demands of previous orders. These three companies produced a combined daily output of 706 rifles and a total of approximately 52,000 BARs were delivered by all sources by the end of the war. Between 1918-19 102,174 BARs had been manufactured jointly by Colt, Winchester and Marlin-Rockwell. By July 1918 the BAR had begun to arrive in France, and the first unit to receive them was the US Army's , which took them into action for the first time on 13 September 1918. The weapon was personally demonstrated against the enemy by , the inventor's son. Despite being introduced very late in the war, the BAR made an impact disproportionate to its numbers; it was used extensively during the and made a significant impression on the Allies France alone requested 15,000 automatic rifles to replace their notoriously unreliable machine rifles. US Marines briefly took possession of the BAR. However, complaints from officers of the 36th resulted in the issuance of a command from Marine on 9 October 1918: All Browning guns and equipment in Marine possession were to be turned in. The M1918 is a , air-cooled automatic rifle using a , long-stroke piston rod actuated by propellant gases bled through a vent in the barrel. The bolt is locked by a rising bolt lock. The weapon fires from an. The spring-powered cartridge casing extractor is contained in the bolt and a fixed ejector is installed in the trigger group. The BAR is striker-fired the bolt carrier serves as the striker and uses a trigger mechanism with a fire selector lever that enables operating in either semi-automatic or fully automatic firing modes. The weapon's barrel is screwed into the receiver and is not quickly detachable. The M1918 feeds using double-column 20-round , although 40-round magazines were also used in an anti-aircraft role; these were withdrawn from use in 1927. The M1918 has a cylindrical fitted to the muzzle end. The original BAR was equipped with a fixed wooden and closed-type adjustable , consisting of a forward post and a rear leaf sight with 100 to 1,500 yard 91-1,372 m range graduations. As a heavy automatic rifle designed for support fire, the M1918 was not fitted with a mount and no bayonet was ever issued. Only one experimental bayonet fitting was ever made for the BAR by Winchester. This was a standard fitted at the Winchester factory with a special muzzle ring. The bayonet was attached to a standard M1918 BAR by means of a special experimental flash hider assembly. This prototype bayonet-flash hider assembly came from the Winchester in-house factory museum in New Haven, CT, with a tag printed on one side Winchester Repeating Arms Co. There is no evidence whatsoever of military adoption nor a military stock number, name or classification. The early M1918 BAR. During its lengthy service life, the BAR underwent continuous development, receiving many improvements and modifications. The first major attempt at improving the M1918 resulted in the M1922 machine rifle, adopted by the in 1922 as a troop-level light machine gun. The hand guard was changed, and in 1926 the BAR's sights were redesigned to accommodate the heavy-bullet 172-grain M1. An special agent practices with the Colt Monitor R 80. The Monitor had a separate pistol grip and long, slotted Cutts recoil compensator. In 1931 the Colt Arms Co. Intended for use as a shoulder-fired automatic rifle, the Monitor omitted the bipod, instead featuring a separate pistol grip and butt stock attached to a lightweight receiver, along with a shortened, 458 mm 18. Weighing 16 lb 3 oz 7. Around 125 were produced; 90 were purchased by the. Eleven went to the US Treasury Department in 1934, while the rest went to various state prisons, banks, security companies and accredited police departments. Although available for export sale, no examples appear to have been exported. In 1932 a greatly shortened version designed for bush warfare was developed by USMC Maj. Smith and was the subject of an evaluative report by Capt. The barrel was shortened nine inches 229 mm at the muzzle and the gas port and gas cylinder tube were relocated. The modified BAR weighed 13 lb 12 oz 6. Though it proved superior to the M1918 in accuracy when fired prone in automatic mode and equal in accuracy to the standard M1918 at ranges of 500-600 yards 460—550 m from a rest, it was less accurate when fired from the shoulder, and had a loud report combined with a fierce muzzle blast. Attaching a materially reduced the muzzle blast, but this was more than offset by the increase in smoke and dust at the muzzle when fired, obscuring the operator's vision. Nor did it improve control of the weapon when fired in bursts of automatic fire. Though the report recommended building six of these short-barreled jungle BARs for further evaluation, no further work was done on the project. The M1918A1, featuring a lightweight spiked bipod with a leg height adjustment feature attached to the gas cylinder and a hinged steel butt plate, was formally approved on 24 June 1937. The M1918A1 was intended to increase the weapon's effectiveness and controllability firing in bursts. Relatively few M1918s were rebuilt to the new M1918A1 standard. In April 1938 work commenced on an improved BAR for the US Army. The army specified a need for a BAR designed to serve in the role of a light machine gun for squad-level support fire. Early prototypes were fitted with barrel-mounted bipods as well as pistol grip housings and a unique rate-of-fire reducer mechanism purchased from. The rate reducer mechanism performed well in trials, and the pistol grip housing enabled the operator to fire more comfortably from the prone position. However, in 1939 the army declared that all modifications to the basic BAR be capable of being retrofitted to earlier M1918 guns with no loss of parts interchangeability. This effectively killed the FN-designed pistol grip and its proven rate reducer mechanism for the new M1918 replacement. Final development of the M1918A2 was authorized on 30 June 1938. The FN-designed pistol grip and rate-reducer mechanism with two rates of automatic fire was shelved in favor of a rate-reducer mechanism designed by Springfield Armory, and housed in the butt stock. The Springfield Armory rate reducer also provided two selectable rates of fully automatic fire only, activated by engaging the selector toggle. Additionally, a skid-footed bipod was fitted to the muzzle end of the barrel, magazine guides were added to the front of the trigger guard, the hand guard was shortened, a heat shield was added to help the cooling process, a small separate stock rest monopod was included for attachment to the butt and the weapon's role was changed to that of a squad light machine gun. The BAR's rear sight scales were also modified to accommodate the newly standardized M2 ball ammunition with its lighter, flat-base bullet. The M1918A2's walnut butt stock is approximately one inch 2. The M1918A2's barrel was also fitted with a new flash suppressor and fully adjustable iron sights. Late in the war a barrel-mounted carrying handle was added. Because of budget limitations initial M1918A2 production consisted of conversions of older M1918 BARs remaining in surplus along with a limited number of M1922s and M1918A1s. After the outbreak of war, attempts to ramp up new M1918A2 production were stymied by the discovery that the World War I tooling used to produce the M1918 was either worn out or incompatible with modern production machinery. New production was first undertaken at the Corp. In 1942 a shortage of black walnut for butt stocks and grips led to the development of a black plastic butt stock for the BAR. Composed of a mixture of and Resinox, and impregnated with shredded fabric, the stocks were sandblasted to reduce glare. The produced the plastic butt stock for the US Army, which was formally adopted on March 21, 1942. The M1922 machine rifle was declared obsolete in 1940, but they were used by Merrill's Marauders in Burma later in the war as a slightly lighter alternative to the M1918A2. Production rates greatly increased in 1943 after IBM introduced a method of casting BAR receivers from a new type of malleable pig iron developed by the Saginaw division of , called ArmaSteel. After it successfully passed a series of tests at Springfield Armory, the Chief of Ordnance instructed other BAR receiver manufacturers to change over from steel to ArmaSteel castings for this part. During the M1918A2 production was resumed, this time contracted to the , which produced an additional 61,000 M1918A2s. Heavy Counter Assault Rifle Heavy Counter Assault Rifle-HCAR. In 2006 Ohio Ordnance Works worked on the 21st-century modernization of the BAR, named the Heavy Counter Assault Rifle HCAR. It also addresses the original BAR's weight issue through material reduction by machining material from the receiver, and through a dimpled barrel removing 8 lbs. International and commercial models Export models The BAR also found a ready market overseas and in various forms was widely exported. In 1919 the Colt company developed and produced a commercial variant called the Automatic Machine Rifle Model 1919 company designation: Model U , which has a different return mechanism compared to the M1918 it is installed in the stock rather than the gas tube and lacks a flash hider. Later the Model 1924 rifle was offered for a short period of time, featuring a and a redesigned hand guard. These Colt automatic rifles were available in a number of calibers, including. All of the 6. An improved version of the Model 1924, the Model 1925 R75 , has achieved the highest popularity in export sales. It is based on the Model 1924 but uses a heavy, finned barrel, a lightweight bipod and is equipped with dust covers in the magazine well and ejection port some of these features were patented: US patents 1548709 and 1533968. The Model 1925 was produced in various calibers, including. A minor variant of the Model 1925 R75 was the R75A light machine gun with a quick-change barrel produced in 1924 in small quantities for the. Between 1921-28 imported over 800 Colt-manufactured examples of the Colt Machine Rifles for sale abroad. All of the Colt automatic machine rifles, including the Colt Monitor, were available for export sale. After 1929 the Model 1925 and the Colt Monitor were available for export sale in Colt's exclusive sales territories per its agreement with FN. These Colt territories included North America, Central America, the West Indies, South America, Great Britain, Russia, Turkey, Siam Thailand , India and Australia. Belgium A variant known as the FN Mle 1930 was developed in 7. The Mle 1930 is basically a licensed copy of the Colt Automatic Machine Rifle, Model 1925 R 75. The Mle 1930 has a different gas valve and a mechanical rate-reducing fire control mechanism designed by Dieudonne Saive, located in the trigger guard-pistol grip housing. Some of these FN rate reducer mechanisms and pistol grip housings were later purchased by Springfield Armory for evaluation and possible adoption on a replacement for the M1918. The weapon also had a hinged shoulder plate and was adapted for use on a tripod mount. The Mle D was produced even after World War II in versions adapted for. The final variant in Belgian service was the Model DA1 chambered for the 7. Poland member of unit with of the M1918 BAR during World War II. Production of the BAR in Belgium began only after signing an agreement with Poland on 10 December 1927 involving the procurement of 10,000 light machine guns chambered in 7. Changes to the base design include a pistol grip, different type of bipod, open-type V-notch rear sight and a slightly longer barrel. Subsequent rifles were assembled in Poland under license by the state rifle factory Państwowa Fabryka Karabinów in Warsaw. Additional detail modifications were introduced on the production line; among them were the replacement of the iron sights with a smaller version and reshaping the butt to a fish tail. In the mid-1930s Polish small-arms designer Wawrzyniec Lewandowski was tasked with developing a flexible aircraft-mounted machine gun based on the Browning wz. This resulted in the wz. Sustained fire was practically impossible with the standard 20-round box magazine, so a new feed mechanism was developed that was added to the receiver as a module. It contains a spring-loaded, bolt-actuated lever that would feed a round from a 91-round pan magazine located above the receiver and force the round into the feed path during unlocking. The machine gun was accepted in 1937 and ordered by the as the karabin maszynowy obserwatora wz. Eventually 339 machine guns were acquired and used as armament in the medium bomber and the reconnaissance aircraft. In 1920 Belgian arms manufacturer FN acquired sales and production rights to the BAR series of firearms in Europe from Colt. Compared to the Model 1919, the Swedish weapon has--apart from the different caliber--a spiked bipod and pistol grip. The barrel also received cooling fins along its entire length. Carl Gustaf also developed a belt-fed prototype; however, it was never adopted. China With the cessation of WWI hostilities, Colt Arms Co. This allowed Colt to make the BAR available for commercial sale, including to civilian owners. The Colt Automatic Machine Rifle Model 1919, initially made up of overruns from the M1918 military production contract, was the first of several commercial Colt BARs that would follow. However, the high price of the weapon and its limited utility for most civilian owners resulted in few sales. Occasional BAR sales were made to civilian owners through distributors such as the Ott-Heiskell Hardware Co. After passage of the National Firearms Act of 1934, civilian BAR ownership was restricted even further. Importation of machine guns for US civilian transfer was banned in 1968 and US production of machine guns for civilian transfer was banned in 1986. However, some transferable civilian-owned BAR models exist in the US and occasionally come up for sale to qualified buyers. Some companies are manufacturing semi-automatic copies for sale to civilians. Ohio Ordnance Works, Inc. The army's M1918 was a favorite of gangster , who obtained his through periodic robberies of Army National Guard armories in the Midwest. Barrow liked to use armor-piercing AP. Barrow taught his girlfriend to fire the M1918 as well, and by all accounts she was an excellent BAR operator. She used an M1918 on full-automatic to pin down unsuspecting law officers after they confronted the gang at a house in Joplin, MO. As the use of automatic weapons by criminal elements in the US became more widespread, FBI Director ordered the agency to acquire and commence regular training with automatic shoulder weapons, including the Thompson submachine gun and the BAR. For its BARs the FBI turned to Colt, which sold 90 Colt Monitor automatic machine rifles to the agency. Some of the FBI's Monitors were distributed to field offices for use as support weapons if needed on a particular operation, while the remainder were retained at the FBI Academy in , for training purposes. Colt sold an additional 11 Colt Monitors to the US Treasury Department in 1934, while 24 guns were sold to state prisons, banks, security companies and accredited city, county and state police departments. At least one member of the ambush team that killed Bonnie and Clyde was armed with a Colt Monitor. Although it has sometimes been alleged that the M1918 or M1918A2 BAR was used by members of the SLA in a shootout with Los Angeles police on 17 May 1974, no SLA members ever used such a weapon. The confusion arose out of Browning's decision in the 1970s to also designate its semi-automatic hunting rifle the. The SLA converted a. The idea would resurface in the and ultimately the. It is not known if any of the belt-cup devices actually saw combat use. The BAR only saw minor action in France during World War I, being brought into action only as late as September 1918, less than three months before. The intentional delay had been inspired by general , the A. Fifty-two thousand BARs were available by November 1918 and they would have been used in much larger numbers at the front if the war had lasted into 1919. Interwar use A US Army soldier trains with a BAR During the interwar years, as the U. Army was reduced significantly in size, the BAR remained in the smaller extant Regular Army and by the 1930s, was also issued to state units to be maintained at their armories. Given the part-time nature, smaller manning and lesser security of these national guard armories when compared to regular army installations, some BARs were subject to theft by domestic civilian criminal elements. The weapon was a standard item in US warship armories, and each BAR was accompanied by a spare barrel. Large capital ships often had over 200 BARs on board, with many of the US Navy BARs remaining in service well into the 1960s. The BAR also saw action with US Marine Corps units participating in the and interventions, as well as with US Navy shipboard personnel in the course of along the Yangtze River in China. The First Marine Brigade stationed in , Haiti, noted that training a man to use the BAR proficiently took a full two days of range practice and instruction, compared to half a day with the. World War II A US Marine infantryman firing a BAR at enemy positions When the threat of a new war arose, Ordnance belatedly realized that it had no portable, squad light machine gun, and attempted to convert the M1918 BAR to that role with the adoption of the M1918A2 by the US Army on 30 June 1938. The BAR was issued as the sole automatic fire support for a twelve-man squad, and all men were trained at the basic level how to operate and fire the weapon in case the designated operators were killed or wounded. At the start of the war, infantry companies designated three-man BAR teams, a gunner, an assistant gunner, and an ammunition bearers who carried additional magazines for the gun. By 1944, some units were using one-man BAR teams, with the other riflemen in the squad detailed to carry additional magazines or bandoliers of. Despite various claims on the subject, the BAR was issued to soldiers of various heights. As originally conceived, US Army tactical doctrine called for one M1918A2 per squad, using several men to support and carry ammunition for the gun. Fire and movement tactics centered on the M1 riflemen in the squad, while the BAR man was detailed to support the riflemen in the attack and provide mobility to the riflemen with a base of fire. This doctrine received a setback early in the war after US ground forces encountered German troops, well-armed with automatic weapons, including fast-firing, portable machine guns. In some cases, particularly in the attack, every fourth German infantryman was equipped with an automatic weapon, either a submachine gun or a full-power machine gun. Elements of the 6th Marine Division at Okinawa with the lead marine Onward Elmo McCullough carrying a BAR In an attempt to overcome the BAR's limited continuous-fire capability, US Army divisions increasingly began to specify two BAR fire teams per squad, following the practice of the US Marine Corps. One team would typically provide covering fire until a magazine was empty, whereupon the second team would open fire, thus allowing the first team to reload. In the Pacific, the BAR was often employed at the point or tail of a patrol or infantry column, where its firepower could help break contact on a jungle trail in the event of an ambush. After combat experience showed the benefits of maximizing portable automatic firepower in squad-size formations, the US Marine Corps began to increase the number of BARs in its combat divisions, from 513 per division in 1943 to 867 per division in 1945. A thirteen-man squad was developed, consisting of 3 four-man fire teams, with one BAR per fire team, or three BARs per squad. Instead of supporting the M1 riflemen in the attack, marine tactical doctrine was focused around the BAR, with riflemen supporting and protecting the BAR gunner. Despite the improvements in the M1918A2, the BAR remained a difficult weapon to master with its open bolt and strong recoil spring, requiring additional range practice and training to hit targets accurately without flinching. As a squad light machine gun, the BAR's effectiveness was mixed, since its thin, non-quick-change barrel and small magazine capacity greatly limited its firepower in comparison to genuine light machine guns such as the British and the Japanese. The bipod and buttstock rest monopod , which contributed so much to the M1918A2's accuracy when firing prone on the rifle range, proved far less valuable under actual field combat conditions. The stock rest was dropped from production in 1942, while the M1918A2's bipod and flash hider were often discarded by individual soldiers and marines to save weight and improve portability, particularly in the of war. With these modifications, the BAR effectively reverted to its original role as a portable, shoulder-fired automatic rifle. Due to production demands, war priorities, subcontractor issues, and material shortages, demand for the M1918A2 frequently exceeded supply, and as late as 1945 some Army units were sent into combat still carrying older, unmodified M1918 weapons. After a period of service, ordnance personnel began to receive BARs with inoperable or malfunctioning recoil buffer mechanisms. This was eventually traced to the soldier's common practice of cleaning the BAR in a vertical position with the butt of the weapon on the ground, allowing cleaning fluid and burned powder to collect in the recoil buffer mechanism. Additionally, unlike the M1 rifle, the BAR's gas cylinder was never changed to stainless steel. Consequently, the gas cylinder frequently rusted solid from the use of corrosive-primered M2 service ammunition in a humid environment when not stripped and cleaned on a daily basis. During World War II, the BAR saw extensive service, both official and unofficial, with many branches of service. One of the BAR's most unusual uses was as a defensive aircraft weapon. In 1944, Captain Wally A. Gayda, of the USAAF Air Transport Command, reportedly used a BAR to return fire against a Japanese Army Nakajima fighter that had attacked his cargo plane over in Burma. Gayda shoved the rifle out his forward cabin window, emptying the magazine and apparently killing the Japanese pilot. Korean War Korean War, 1951: A US soldier behind an M4A3E8 Sherman tank, with an M1918A2 The BAR continued in service in the. The last military contract for the manufacture of the M1918A2 was awarded to the Royal Typewriter Co. In his study of infantry weapons in Korea, historian S. Marshall interviewed hundreds of officers and men in after-action reports on the effectiveness of various U. General Marshall's report noted that an overwhelming majority of respondents praised the BAR and the utility of automatic fire delivered by a lightweight, portable small arm in both day and night engagements. In his autobiography Colonel praised the BAR as 'the best weapon of the Korean War' A typical BAR gunner of the Korean War carried the twelve-magazine belt and combat suspenders, with three or four extra magazines in pockets. As in World War II, many BAR gunners disposed of the heavy bipod and other accoutrements of the M1918A2, but unlike the prior conflict the flash hider was always retained because of its utility in night fighting. The large amounts of ammunition expended by BAR teams in Korea placed additional demands on the assistant gunner to stay in close contact with the BAR at all times, particularly on patrols. While the BAR magazines themselves always seemed to be in short supply, Gen. In combat, the M1918A2 frequently decided the outcome of determined attacks by North Korean and Chinese communist forces. Communist tactical doctrine centered on the mortar and machine gun, with attacks designed to envelop and cut off United Nations forces from supply and reinforcement. Communist machine gun teams were the best-trained men in any given North Korean or Chinese infantry unit, skilled at placing their heavily camouflaged and protected weapons as close to UN forces as possible. Once concealed, they often surprised UN forces by opening fire at very short ranges, covering any exposed ground with a hail of accurately sighted machine gun fire. Under these conditions it was frequently impossible for US machine gun crews to move up their in response without taking heavy casualties; when they were able to do so, their position was carefully noted by the enemy, who would frequently kill the exposed gun crews with mortar or machine gun fire while they were still emplacing their guns. The BAR gunner, who could stealthily approach the enemy gun position alone and prone if need be , proved invaluable in this type of combat. During the height of combat, the BAR gunner was often used as the 'fire brigade' weapon, helping to bolster weak areas of the perimeter under heavy pressure by communist forces. In defense, it was often used to strengthen the firepower of a forward outpost. Another role for the BAR was to deter or eliminate enemy sniper fire. In the absence of a trained sniper, the BAR proved more effective than the random response of five or six M1 riflemen. Compared to World War II, US infantry forces saw a huge increase in the number of night engagements. The added firepower of the BAR rifleman and his ability to redeploy to 'hot spots' around the unit perimeter proved indispensable in deterring night infiltration by skirmishers as well as repelling large-scale night infantry assaults. While new-production M1918A2 guns were almost universally praised for faultless performance in combat, a number of malfunctions in combat were reported with armory-reconditioned M1918A2s, particularly weapons that had been reconditioned by Ordnance in Japan, which did not replace operating recoil springs as a requirement of the reconditioning program. After decades of complaints, ordnance addressed the problem of maintaining the problematic gas piston on the BAR by issuing disposable nylon gas valves. When the nylon valve became caked over with carbon, it could be discarded and replaced with a fresh unit, eliminating the tedious task of cleaning and polishing the valve with wire brush and GI solvent frequently in short supply to line units. Vietnam War A South Vietnamese soldier using a BAR LMG The M1918A2 was used in the early stages of the Vietnam War, when the US delivered a quantity of 'obsolete', second-line small arms to the Army and associated allies, including the of South Vietnam. US Special Forces advisors frequently chose the BAR over currently available infantry weapons. Needless to say, the most popular weapon to steal was the venerable old BAR. Many recipients of US foreign aid adopted the BAR and used it into the 1990s. Known as the Fusil-mitrailleur 7 mm 62 C. Most of them were taken from disarmed Chinese forces with original markings removed to use Japanese markings. Known as the Browning Automatisch Geweer M. The also used the M1918A2 whilst fighting in the Korean War under American command. Archived from on 2015-12-08. Article by Maxim Popenker, 2014. Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy, 1951. Military Small Arms of the 20th Century 7th Edition Krause Publications 2000, p. Federation of American Scientists, 1999. Accessed 14 Dec 2012. The Algerian War, 1954-62. Enter the Dragon: China's Undeclared War Against the U. New York: Newmarket Press. Hodges Jr, page 59. Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. Jane's Information Group; 21 edition May 1995. Hodges Jr, page 18. Hodges Jr, pages 70-71. The Algerian War, 1954-62. Archived from on 2018-02-17. Archived from on 2016-06-18. De ransel op de rug deel 2. Hodges Jr, pages 67. Hodges Jr, page 68. The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II. New York: Sterling Publishing. John, Shots Fired In Anger, NRA Publications 1981 ,. Uzbrojenie lotnictwa polskiego 1918—1939 in Polish.